图片来源:Pixabay
首先,家犬与人类关系密切,生活环境最为相似,研究家犬适应环境的遗传机制为解析人类的适应性进化提供了重要的参考。
其次,家犬也是重要的疾病模型。在家犬已知的809种疾病或性状中,有503种是研究人类性状或疾病的潜在动物模型。其中,很多狗狗会患上的肿瘤,在组织学外观、肿瘤遗传学、生物学行为和对传统治疗的反应上,与人类肿瘤极为相似,再加上狗狗庞大的数量,就为研究肿瘤的发生和进程以及药物的开发提供了极佳的模型。
目前,家犬适应性进化和疾病的遗传机制的研究主要集中于挖掘相关基因的阶段,对于基因是如何影响表型的研究还很缺乏。对家犬的研究仍需多学科团队的共同努力,以及社会各界的积极参与。
参考文献
[1] Arendt M et al. 2016. Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture. Heredity. 117:301-306.
[2] Curry A. 2013. Archaeology: The milk revolution. Nature. 500:20-22.
[3] Li Y et al. 2010. The hearing gene Prestin unites echolocating bats and whales. Curr Biol. 20:R55-R56
[4] Ostrander EA et al. 2017. Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome. Nat Rev Genet. 18:705-720.
[5] Perry GH et al. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet. 39:1256–1260.
[6] Schoenebeck JJ and Ostrander EA. 2014. Insights into morphology and disease from the dog genome project. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.30:535-560
[7] Shen YY et al. 2012. Parallel evolution of auditory genes for echolocation in bats and toothed whales. PLoS Genet. 8:e1002788.
[8] Swallow DM. 2003. Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance. Annu Rev Genet. 37:197-219.
[9] Tishkoff SA et al. 2006. Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nat Genet. 39:31-40.
[10] Wang GD et al. 2013. The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel evolution between dogs and humans. Nat Commun. 4:1860.
[11]http://omia.org/home/
作者:柳延虎
作者单位:中国科学院昆明动物研究所